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SEN stands for Special Educational Needs.
It refers to children who have learning difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for them to learn compared to most children of the same age. These children may need special support in school, home, or therapy settings to help them reach their full potential.
The common categories of SEN include the following:
| Category | Examples |
| Learning Disabilities | Dyslexia, dyscalculia, slow learners |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | Communication, behavior, sensory challenges |
| ADHD | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
| Speech & Language Disorders | Speech delay, stuttering, articulation |
| Intellectual Disabilities | Down syndrome, global developmental delay |
| Physical Disabilities | Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy |
| Visual/Hearing Impairments | Blindness, deafness |
| Multiple Disabilities | Combinations (e.g., autism + physical disability) |
In Malaysia, the Ministry of Education (MOE) classifies SEN students for placement in:
- Special Education Integrated Programmes (SEIP) in mainstream schools.
- Special Education Schools (SES) — separate government-run schools.
- Inclusive Education Programs — where SEN students learn alongside neurotypical peers with support.